Technological, economic and environmental aspects of the production of  sulfate-resistant Portland cement clinker based on the mineral  resources of Karakalpakstan

A.Sh. Khadzhiev; L. Wang; F.B. Atabaev; N.D. Makhsudova; E.A. Atashev

doi:10.31643/2028/6445.18

Authors

A.Sh. Khadzhiev Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhan Biruni
L. Wang College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University
F.B. Atabaev Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
N.D. Makhsudova Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
E.A. Atashev Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhon Beruni

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31643/2028/6445.18

Keywords:

clinker synthesis, mineral resources, sulfate resistance, green economy, sustainability of sulfate-resistant Portland cement.

Abstract

This study focuses on the production of sulfate-resistant Portland cement clinker using local raw materials found in the Aral Sea region of the Republic of Uzbekistan and on its properties. The obtained results highlight the technological, economic, and environmental advantages. The raw material mixtures consisted of limestone, barren sand, kaolin, and iron-containing industrial waste, resulting in a clinker with an optimized oxide composition (LSF = 0.82, SR = 2.15, AP = 0.94). X-ray phase analysis reveals a high content of alite (C₃S ≈ 38.6%) and belite (C₂S ≈ 41.0%) phases, which ensures high mechanical strength. Low tricalcium aluminate content (tricalcium aluminate < 5%) and sufficient ferrite content (C₄AF ≈ 16.2%) increased sulfate resistance and phase dominance. Sulfate resistance tests conducted in accordance with ASTM C1012/C1012M showed that sulfate-resistant Portland cement had the lowest swelling index among samples immersed in a 5% Na₂SO₄ solution, demonstrating its superior stability compared to conventional Portland cement and mixed cement types. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of producing high-quality sulfate-resistant Portland cement clinker using local raw materials and demonstrate its potential for use in the sulfate-rich conditions of the Aral Sea region. From an economic perspective, the use of local raw materials reduces production costs, the need for imports, and increases the competitiveness of the cement industry in our region. From an environmental perspective, the long service life of sulfate-resistant Portland cement and the ability to utilize industrial waste align with the principles of a "green economy" and promote waste reduction and sustainable growth.

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Author Biographies

A.Sh. Khadzhiev, Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhan Biruni

Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Chemical Technology, Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhon Beruni, Urgench, H. Olimjon Street 14, 220100, Uzbekistan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2131-8256

L. Wang, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University

Professor, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, PR China. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0336-7241

F.B. Atabaev, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chief Scientific Researcher, STROM Research Laboratory, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4941-5060

N.D. Makhsudova, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan

PhD, Junior Researcher, STROM Research Laboratory and Testing Center, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4579-6551

E.A. Atashev, Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhon Beruni

Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Chemical Technology, Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhon Beruni, Urgench, H. Olimjon Street 14, 220100, Uzbekistan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-5665

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