Study of the suitability of industrial raw material resources as  additives for Portland cement

G.B. Begzhanova; Z.B. Yakubzhanova; L. Wang; N.D. Makhsudova; A.Sh. Ruzmetova

doi:10.31643/2027/6445.19

Authors

G.B. Begzhanova Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
Z.B. Yakubzhanova Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
L. Wang College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
N.D. Makhsudova Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
A.Sh. Ruzmetova Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhon Beruni

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31643/2027/6445.19

Keywords:

industrial waste, steel-smelting slag, microsilica, recycling, hybrid additives, green technology, energy saving.

Abstract

This research investigates the potential of utilizing industrial technogenic waste materials as hybrid mineral additives in the production of composite Portland cement (CPC), aiming to reduce clinker consumption and promote environmentally friendly construction practices. The studied materials include active ash and slag (AAS) from the Angren thermal power plant, microsilica (MS), and processed steelmaking wastes such as ladle slag (LS), furnace slag (FS), and recycled steel slag (RSS) from Uzmetkombinat JSC. The chemical, mineralogical, and mechanical properties of these materials were characterized in accordance with national and international standards. Compressive strength tests and lime absorption measurements evaluated their pozzolanic and hydraulic activities. Experimental results demonstrated that AAS exhibited the highest activity, capable of replacing up to 45% of clinker without compromising mechanical strength. When combined with less active components (MS, RSS, FS, and LS), hybrid additives showed synergistic effects. Among these, the AAS+MS blend had the most significant pozzolanic effect, evidenced by reduced calcium oxide (CaO) concentration in the surrounding liquid and lower solution alkalinity. The statistical validation using the Student’s t-test confirmed the effectiveness of each additive, with t-values significantly exceeding the threshold required to classify them as active mineral additives. The findings support the development of “green” CPCs using hybrid additives derived from local industrial waste, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional raw materials. These formulations can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and natural resource depletion while maintaining cement performance, thus aligning with global trends toward low-clinker and low-carbon construction materials.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

G.B. Begzhanova, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Chief Scientific Researcher, STROM Research Laboratory and Testing Center, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0492-3246

Z.B. Yakubzhanova, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan

PhD, Chief Scientific Researcher, STROM Research Laboratory and Testing Center, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-6238

L. Wang, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang

Professor, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, PR China. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0336-7241

N.D. Makhsudova, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan

PhD, Junior Researcher, STROM Research Laboratory and Testing Center, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4579-6551

A.Sh. Ruzmetova, Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhon Beruni

PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhon Beruni, Urgench, Uzbekistan. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1008-4057

References

Baruzdin A, Zakrevskaya L, Nikolaeva K, Bokarev D. Recycling construction waste for the purpose of synthesizing new composite materials. Ecology and Industry of Russia. 2023; 27(12):26-33. https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-12-26-33

Khadzhiev A, Atabaev F. Influence of silica-containing additives on physical and mechanical properties of Portland Cement Co. Ltd Karakalpaksement. E3S Web of Conferences. 2023; 401:05051. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340105051

Atabaev FB, Aripova MKh, Khadzhiev ASh, Tursunova GR, Tursunov ZR. Effect of multicomponent mineral additives on the microstructure and strength of composite cement. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2027; 340(1):45-57. https://doi.org/10.31643/2027/6445.05

Buriev AI, Iskandarova MI, Begzhanova GB. Influence of a high degree of filling on the properties of pozzolanic cement. RA Journal of Applied Research. 2023; 9(2):60-65. https://doi.org/10.47191/rajar/v9i2.02

Amran M, Debbarma S, Ozbakkaloglu T. Fly ash-based eco-friendly geopolymer concrete: A critical review of the long-term durability properties. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 270:121857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121857

Liu X, et al. The physiochemical alterations of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) under magnesium attack. Cement and Concrete Research. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106901

Iskandarova MI, et al. Improving properties of Portland cement using new types of composite additives. E3S Web of Conferences. 2023; 365:02013. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336502013

Miller SA, Horvath A, Monteiro PJM. Readily implementable techniques can cut annual CO₂ emissions from the production of concrete by over 20%. Environmental Research Letters. 2016; 11(7):074029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074029

Schneider M, Romer M, Tschudin M, Bolio H. Sustainable cement production—Present and future. Cement and Concrete Research. 2011; 41(7):642-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.019

Damtoft JS, Lukasik J, Herfort D, Sorrentino D, Gartner EM. Sustainable development and climate change initiatives. Cement and Concrete Research. 2008; 38(2):115-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.008

Scrivener KL, Martirena F, Bishnoi S, Maity S. Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research. 2018; 114:49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.017

Dhandapani Y, Santhanam M. Assessment of pore structure and strength characteristics of blended cement with limestone and calcined clay. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2017; 78:124-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.01.003

Zhang Y, Chen Q, Li J. Utilization of industrial waste in cement production: Chemical and mineralogical characteristics. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 258:120789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120789

Kumar R, Singh P, Verma M. Environmental and health risk assessment of cementitious materials with industrial by-products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28(15):18825-18838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11902-7

Lee SY, Kim JH. Mineralogical analysis and performance evaluation of technogenic raw materials for cement. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 204:226-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.176

Ahmed S, Al-Ghamdi SG. Carbon footprint reduction strategies in cement manufacturing using recycled industrial wastes. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 206:605 -–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.044

Wang H, Zhao Z, Li X. Mitigating industrial dust pollution near cement plants: Techniques and impacts on public health. Atmospheric Environment. 2021; 244:117909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117909

Silva CM, Teixeira RF. Biodiversity preservation through sustainable mineral resource management in cement industries. Ecological Indicators. 2017; 76:227-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.042

Torres A, Blanco A. Techno-economic analysis of energy and metallurgical waste valorization in cement composites. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2022; 176:105931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105931

Gupta N, Rajput A. Durability and long-term performance of concrete with industrial waste additives: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2020; 27:1300-1307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.587

Chen L, Zhang Y. Development of industrial guidelines for sustainable cementitious materials. Sustainability. 2019; 11(3):741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030741

Petrov V, Ivanov D. Economic and environmental benefits of synthetic mineral raw materials in cement industry modernization. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2023; 128:104387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104387

Iskandarova M, Atabaev F, Tursunova G, Tursunov Z, Khadzhiev A. Composite Portland cements: Innovations and future directions in cement technology. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-025-02067-x

Iskandarova MI, Atabaev FB, Khadzhiev AS. Utilization of natural silicate rocks to reduce the carbon footprint in the cement industry. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2026; 338(3):40-50. https://doi.org/10.31643/2026/6445.27

Khadzhiev A, Abdullaev M, Yakubov Y, Jumaniyozov J. The effect of hybrid mineral additives on the genetic formation and physico-chemical processes of cement composites. E3S Web of Conferences. 2025; 633:08003. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202563308003

Atabaev FB, Aripova MKh, Khadzhiev ASh, Tursunova GR, Tursunov ZR. Effect of multicomponent mineral additives on the microstructure and strength of composite cement. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources. 2025; 1(322):45-57. https://doi.org/10.31643/2027/6445.05