Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanocomposite Carriers of Various Active Ingredients for Controlled and Sustained Drug Release: A Review

Moshera Samy

doi:10.31643/2028/6445.30

Authors

Moshera Samy Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31643/2028/6445.30

Keywords:

controlled drug delivery, polymeric nanocomposites, precision nanomedicine, smart nanocarriers, stimuli-responsive drug delivery, sustainable nanomanufacturing, therapeutic nanoplatforms.

Abstract

Controlled and sustained drug delivery has emerged as a transformative strategy for overcoming the limitations of conventional pharmaceutical formulations, including poor bioavailability, rapid drug clearance, systemic toxicity, and non-specific distribution. Among the numerous delivery platforms investigated, polymeric nanocomposite carriers have attracted considerable attention because they integrate the excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and processability of polymers with the unique physicochemical, mechanical, optical, magnetic, and therapeutic properties of inorganic nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of recent advances in polymeric nanocomposite-based drug delivery systems, highlighting the synergistic interactions between natural and synthetic polymers and a broad spectrum of nanofillers, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, nanoclays, mesoporous materials, and electrospun nanofibers. The influence of nanocomposite composition, fabrication strategies, and physicochemical characteristics on drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, release kinetics, targeting capability, and biological performance is systematically discussed. Furthermore, representative therapeutic applications in cancer therapy, wound healing, antimicrobial treatment, tissue engineering, neurological disorders, and regenerative medicine are critically compared to establish structure–property–performance relationships. This review primarily summarizes individual carrier systems, preparation methods, release mechanisms, and biomedical applications into a unified framework while identifying current limitations related to nanoparticle aggregation, long-term biocompatibility, biodegradation, large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval, and clinical translation. This review provides valuable insights for researchers working on the rational design of advanced polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved safety, and accelerated clinical applicability.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Moshera Samy, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre

PhD, Associate Professor, Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org0000-0002-7272-4134

References

Kukhta AV. Organic-inorganic nanocomposites and their applications, Book Organic-inorganic nanocomposites and their applications, Information and Energy Security, Springer. 2015, 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9697-2_22

Wang X, Chang J, and Wu C. Bioactive inorganic/organic nanocomposites for wound healing, Applied Materials Today. 2018; 11:308-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2018.03.001

Pal D, and Nayak AK. Alginates, blends and microspheres: controlled drug delivery, Encyclopedia of Biomedical Polymers and Polymeric Biomaterials, 11 , CRC Press. 2015,182-192. https://doi.org/10.1081/E-EBPP-120049967

Mallakpour S, and Javadpour M. Sonochemical assisted synthesis and characterization of magnetic PET/Fe3O4, CA, AS nanocomposites: Morphology and physiochemical properties, Ultrasonics sonochemistry. 2018; 40:611-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.08.006

Chandrakala V, Aruna V, and Angajala G. Review on metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers: Current challenges and perspectives in drug delivery systems, Emergent Materials. 2022; 5(6):1593-1615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00335-x

Jeon S, Subbiah R, Bonaedy T, Van S, Park K and Yun K. Surface functionalized magnetic nanoparticles shift cell behavior with on/off magnetic fields’. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2018; 233(2):1168-1178. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25980

Adepu S, and Ramakrishna S. Controlled drug delivery systems: current status and future directions, Molecules. 2021; 26(19):5905. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195905

Nayak AK, and Pal D. Natural starches‐blended ionotropically gelled microparticles/beads for sustained drug release, Handbook of composites from renewable materials. 2017, 527-559. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119441632.ch167

Hasnain MS, Nayak AK, Singh M, Tabish M, Ansari MT, and Ara TJ. Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release, International journal of biological macromolecules. 2016; 83:71-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.044

Saxena M, Pappu A, Sharma A, Haque R, and Wankhede S. Composite materials from natural resources: recent trends and future potentials: IntechOpen. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/18264

Angadi SC, Manjeshwar LS, and Aminabhavi TM, Novel composite blend microbeads of sodium alginate coated with chitosan for controlled release of amoxicillin, International journal of biological macromolecules. 2012; 51(1-2):45-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.018

Ullah H, Wahid F, Santos HA, and Khan T. Advances in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of functional bacterial cellulose-based nanocomposites, Carbohydrate polymers. 2016; 150:330-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.029

Azadani RN, Sabbagh M, Salehi H, Cheshmi A, Raza A, Kumari B, and Erabi G. Sol-gel: Uncomplicated, routine and affordable synthesis procedure for utilization of composites in drug delivery. Journal of Composites and Compounds. 2021; 3(6):57-70. https://doi.org/10.52547/jcc.3.1.6

Di Martino A, Guselnikova OA, Trusova ME, Postnikov PS, and Sedlarik V. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles controlled delivery system for anticancer drugs. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2017; 526(1-2):380-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.061

Rane AV, Kanny K, Abitha V, and Thomas S. Methods for synthesis of nanoparticles and fabrication of nanocomposites, Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials. Elsevier. 2018, 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101975-7.00005-1

Hoyos-Palacio LM, Castro DPC, Ortiz-Trujillo, IC, Palacio, LEB, Upegui BJG, Mora NJE. Compounds of carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles via in-situ by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Journal of materials research and technology. 2019; 8(6):5893-5898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.062

Al Zoubi W, and Ko YG. Self-assembly of hierarchical N-heterocycles-inorganic materials into three-dimensional structure for superior corrosion protection. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2019; 356:850-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.089

Wang C, Park MJ, Yu H, Matsuyama H, Drioli E, and Shon HK. Recent advances of nanocomposite membranes using layer-by-layer assembly. Journal of Membrane Science. 2022; 661:120926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120926

Yu C, Wang J, Yan J , Xia J, and Zhang X. Langmuir–Blodgett assisted alignment of 2D nanosheets in polymer nanocomposites for high-temperature dielectric energy storage applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2024; 12(13):4728-4736. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4tc00024b

Vempati S, Ranjith KS, Topuz F, Biyikli N, and Uyar T. Electrospinning combined with atomic layer deposition to generate applied nanomaterials: a review. ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2020; 3(7):6186-6209. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c01120

Al Zoubi W, Kamil MP, Fatimah S, Nashrah N, and Ko YG. Recent advances in hybrid organic-inorganic materials with spatial architecture for state-of-the-art applications. Progress in Materials Science. 2020; 112:100663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100663

Singh I, and Birajdar B. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous Na-doped TiO2 nano-powder prepared via a solvent-controlled non-aqueous sol–gel route, RSC advances. 2017; 7(85):54053-54062. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10108b

Pandey PP. Preparation and characterization of polymer nanocomposites, Soft Nanoscience Letters. 2020; 10(01):1-15. https://doi.org/10.4236/snl.2020.101001

Oliveira M, and Machado A. Preparation of polymer-based nanocomposites by different routes’, Nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and applications. 2013, 1-22. https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/26120/1/Chapter.pdf

Prete S, Dattilo M, Patitucci F, Pezzi G, Parisi OI, and Puoci F. Natural and synthetic polymeric biomaterials for application in wound management, Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2023; 14(9):455. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090455

Palo M, Rönkönharju S, Tiirik K, Viidik L, Sandler N, and Kogermann K. Bi-layered polymer carriers with surface modification by electrospinning for potential wound care applications, Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(12):678. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120678

Prete S, Dattilo M, Patitucci F, Pezzi G, Parisi OI, and Puoci F. Natural and synthetic polymeric biomaterials for application in wound management. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2023; 14(9):455. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090455

Rodríguez-Tobías H, Morales G, and Grande D. Comprehensive review on electrospinning techniques as versatile approaches toward antimicrobial biopolymeric composite fibers. Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 101:306-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.099

Ghosal K, Chandra A, Roy S, Agatemor C, Thomas S, and Provaznik I. Electrospinning over solvent casting: tuning of mechanical properties of membranes. Scientific reports. 2018; 8(1):5058. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23378-3

Rahaman M, Aldalbahi A, and Bhagabati P. Preparation/processing of polymer–carbon composites by different techniques, Carbon-Containing Polymer Composites. Springer. 2018, 99-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2688-2_3

Maher S, Mazinani A, Barati MR, and Losic D. Engineered titanium implants for localized drug delivery: recent advances and perspectives of Titania nanotubes arrays, Expert opinion on drug delivery. 2018; 15(10):1021-1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2018.1517743

Bedoya DA, Figueroa FN, Macchione MA, and Strumia MC. Stimuli-responsive polymeric systems for smart drug delivery, Advanced Biopolymeric Systems for Drug Delivery. Springer. 2020, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46923-8_5

Hoogenboom R. Temperature-responsive polymers: properties, synthesis, and applications, Smart polymers and their applications, Elsevier, 2019, 13-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102416-4.00002-8

Shah A, Aftab S, Nisar J, Ashiq MN, and Iftikhar FJ. Nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2021; 62:102426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102426

Silindir Gunay M, Yekta Ozer A, and Chalon S. Drug delivery systems for imaging and therapy of Parkinson’s disease, Current neuropharmacology. 2016; 14(4):376-391. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x14666151230124904

Nikolova M, Slavchov R, and Nikolova G. Nanotechnology in medicine, Drug discovery and evaluation: methods in clinical pharmacology. 2020, 533-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68864-0_45

Esfanjani AF, Assadpour E, and Jafari SM. Improving the bioavailability of phenolic compounds by loading them within lipid-based nanocarriers, Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2018; 76:56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.002

Davies S, Contri RV, Guterres SS, and Pohlmann AR, Guerreiro ICK. Simultaneous nanoencapsulation of lipoic acid and resveratrol with improved antioxidant properties for the skin, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2020; 192:111023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111023

Oliveira C, Coelho C, Teixeira JA, Ferreira-Santos P,and Botelho CM. Nanocarriers as active ingredients enhancers in the cosmetic industry—The European and North America regulation challenges. Molecules. 2022; 27(5):1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051669

Cojocaru E, Petriș OR, and Cojocaru C. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Inhaled Therapy: Improving Respiratory Medicine, Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(8):1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081059

Pandey SP, Shukla T, Dhote VK, Mishra DK, and Maheshwari R, Tekade RK. Use of polymers in controlled release of active agents. Basic fundamentals of drug delivery, Elsevier. 2019, 113-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817909-3.00004-2

Rahim M, Mas Haris MRH,and Saqib NU. An overview of polymeric nano-biocomposites as targeted and controlled-release devices, Biophysical reviews. 2020; 12(5):1223-1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-020-00750-0

Chung H-K, Kim W-H, Park J, Cho J, Jeong T-Y, and Park P-K. Application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to predict adsorbate removal efficiency or required amount of adsorbent. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2015; 28:241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.02.021

Kaczmarek B,and Sionkowska A. Drug release from porous matrixes based on natural polymers, Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2017; 18(9):721-729. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201018666171103141347

Saikia C, Gogoi P, and Maji T. Chitosan: A promising biopolymer in drug delivery applications. J Mol Genet Med S. 2015; 4(006):899-910. https://doi.org/10.4172/1747-0862.S4-006

Raizada A, Bandari A, and Kumar B. Polymers in drug delivery: a review, Int J Pharm Res Dev. 2010; 2(8):9-20.

Sharma K, Porat Ze,and Gedanken A. Designing natural polymer-based capsules and spheres for biomedical applications—a review. Polymers. 2021; 13(24):4307. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244307

Mukherjee C, Varghese D, Krishna J, Boominathan T, Rakeshkumar R, Dineshkumar S, et al. Recent advances in biodegradable polymers–properties, applications and future prospects. European Polymer Journal. 2023; 192:112068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112068

Purnama P, Saldi ZS, and Samsuri M. The Development of Polylactide Nanocomposites: A Review. Journal of Composites Science. 2024; 8(8):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080317

Samy M, Ekram B, Abd El-Hady BM, and Ayoub MM. In vitro release study of electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofiber mats loaded with 5-fluorouracil. Polymer Bulletin. 2020; 63(1):255-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04930-2

Idumah CI. Emerging trends in poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid bionanoarchitectures and applications. Cleaner Materials. 2022; 5:100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100102

George A, Shah PA, and Shrivastav PS. Natural biodegradable polymers based nano-formulations for drug delivery: A review. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2019; 561:244-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.011

Khalid SA, Abo Dena AS, and El-Sherbiny IM. Biopolymeric-inorganic composites for drug delivery applications. Polymeric and Natural Composites: Materials, Manufacturing and Biomedical Applications. 2022, 271-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70266-3_9

Zhang S, Pelligra CI, Feng X, and Osuji CO. Directed assembly of hybrid nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Advanced Materials. 2018; 30(18):1705794. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705794

Valapa RB, Loganathan S, Pugazhenthi G, Thomas S, and Varghese T. An overview of polymer–clay nanocomposites, Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites. 2017, 29-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-46153-5.00002-1

Khan WS, Hamadneh NN, and Khan WA. Polymer nanocomposites–synthesis techniques, classification and properties, Science and applications of Tailored Nanostructures. 2016; 50.

Hill LJ, and Pyun J. Colloidal polymers via dipolar assembly of magnetic nanoparticle monomers. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2014; 6(9):6022-6032. https://doi.org/10.1021/am405786u

Alsayed AF, and Aqeel Ashraf M. Synthesis of polymer nanocomposite films, Handbook of polymer and ceramic nanotechnology. Springer. 2021, 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40513-7_9

Khan I, Saeed K, and Khan I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities, Arabian journal of chemistry. 2019; 12(7):908-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011

Tiwari JN, Tiwari RN, and Kim KS, Zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials for advanced electrochemical energy devices. Progress in Materials Science. 2012; 57(4):724-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.08.003

Shin W-K, Cho J, Kannan AG, Lee Y-S, and Kim D-W. Cross-linked composite gel polymer electrolyte using mesoporous methacrylate-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles for lithium-ion polymer batteries. Scientific reports. 2016; 6(1):26332. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26332

Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Rab S, and Suman R. Applications of nanotechnology in medical field: a brief review. Global Health Journal. 2023; 7(2):70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.008

Spirescu VA, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM, Vasile BȘ, and Andronescu E. Inorganic nanoparticles and composite films for antimicrobial therapies. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021; 22(9):4595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094595

Philip A, and Kumar AR. The performance enhancement of surface plasmon resonance optical sensors using nanomaterials: A review. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2022; 458:214424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214424

Amendola V, Pilot R, Frasconi M, Maragò OM,and Iatì MA. Surface plasmon resonance in gold nanoparticles: a review. Journal of physics: Condensed matter. 2017; 29(20):203002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aa60f3

Saha S, Ali M, Khaleque M, Bacchu M, Aly MAS, and Khan M. Metal oxide nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery towards the treatment of global infectious diseases: A review. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2023, 104728. https://doi.org/110.1016/j.jddst.2023.104728

Wang Cy, Makvandi P, Zare EN, Tay FR, and Niu Ln. Advances in antimicrobial organic and inorganic nanocompounds in biomedicine. Advanced Therapeutics. 2020; 3(8):2000024. https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.202000024

Mansha M, Khan I, Ullah N, and Qurashi A. Synthesis, characterization and visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction of carbazole-containing conjugated polymers. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017; 42(16):10952-10961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.053

Rao JP, and Geckeler KE. Polymer nanoparticles: Preparation techniques and size-control parameters, Progress in polymer science. 2011; 36(7):887-913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.001

Sukhanova TyEe, Vylegzhanina M, Volkov AY, Gasilova, ER, Kutin AA, Samy M, Abdallah HM, and Ayoub M. Comparative Study of Polymer Nanoparticles on the Basis of Caprolactone–Polyvinyl Alcohol Mixtures with an Encapsulated Antitumor Preparation by Atomic Force Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, and Dynamic Light Scattering. Technical Physics. 2019; 64(12):1729-1737. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063784219120235

Lima AL, Gratieri T, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM, Polymeric nanocapsules: A review on design and production methods for pharmaceutical purpose. Methods. 2022; 199:54-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.07.009

Geszke-Moritz M, and Moritz M. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: comprehensive overview, perspectives and challenges. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2536. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172536

Samy M, Abdallah HM, Awad HM, and Ayoub MM. Preparation, Characterization and In vitro Biological activity of 5-Fluorouracil Loaded onto poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles. Polymer Bulletin. 2023; 80(6):6197-6219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04308-w

Samy M, Abdallah HM, Awad HM, and Ayoub MM. In vitro release and cytotoxicity activity of 5-fluorouracil entrapped polycaprolactone nanoparticles. Polymer Bulletin. 2022, 1-27.

Zielińska A, Carreiró F, Oliveira AM, Neves A, Pires B, Venkatesh DN, et al. Polymeric nanoparticles: production, characterization, toxicology and ecotoxicology. Molecules. 2020; 25(16):3731. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163731

Prajapati SK, Jain A, Jain A, and Jain S. Biodegradable polymers and constructs: A novel approach in drug delivery. European polymer journal. 2019; 120:109191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.08.018

Maqbool I, and Noreen S. A review of novel techniques for nanoparticles preparation. GDDDR. 2019; 4(1):41-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2019(IV-I).05

Vieira R, Souto SB, Sánchez-López E, López Machado A, Severino P, Jose S, et al. Sugar-lowering drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome—Review of classical and new compounds: Part-I. Pharmaceuticals. 2019; 12(4):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12040152

Grumezescu AM. Design and development of new nanocarriers, William Andrew, 017

Bohrey S, Chourasiya V, and Pandey A. Polymeric nanoparticles containing diazepam: preparation, optimization, characterization, in-vitro drug release and release kinetic study. Nano Convergence. 2016; 3(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-016-0061-2

Szczęch M, and Szczepanowicz K. Polymeric core-shell nanoparticles prepared by spontaneous emulsification solvent evaporation and functionalized by the layer-by-layer method. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(3):496. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030496

Carreiró F, Oliveira AM, Neves A, Pires B, Nagasamy Venkatesh D, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Eder P, Silva AM, and Santini A. Polymeric nanoparticles: Production, characterization, toxicology and ecotoxicology. Molecules. 2020; 25:3731. https://hdl.handle.net/11588/939198

Souto EB, Souto SB, Campos JR, Severino P, Pashirova TN, Zakharova LY, Silva AM, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, and Izzo AAJM. Nanoparticle delivery systems in the treatment of diabetes complications. 2019; 24(23):4209.

Souto EB, Severino P, Santana MHA. Preparation of polymeric nanoparticles by polymerization of monomers: part I. Polímeros. 2012; 22:96-100. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282012005000006

Vasile C. Polymeric nanomaterials in nanotherapeutics, lsevier. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091452

Wang Y, Li P, Truong-Dinh Tran T, Zhang J, and Kong L. Manufacturing techniques and surface engineering of polymer based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to cancer. Nanomaterials. 2016; 6(2):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6020026

Lim K, and Hamid ZA. Polymer nanoparticle carriers in drug delivery systems: Research trend. Applications of nanocomposite materials in drug delivery. Elsevier. 2018, 217-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813741-3.00010-8

Krishnamoorthy K, and Mahalingam M. Selection of a suitable method for the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles: multi-criteria decision making approach. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin. 2015; 5(1):57. https://doi.org/10.5681/apb.2015.008

Crucho CI, and Barros MT. Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods, Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2017; 80:771-784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.004

Sánchez-López E, Ettcheto M, Egea MA, Espina M, Cano A, Calpena AC, et al. Memantine loaded PLGA PEGylated nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s disease: In vitro and in vivo characterization. Journal of nanobiotechnology. 2018; 16(1):32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0356-z

Salatin S, Barar J, Barzegar-Jalali M, Adibkia K, Kiafar F, and Jelvehgari M. Development of a nanoprecipitation method for the entrapment of a very water soluble drug into Eudragit RL nanoparticles, Research in pharmaceutical sciences. 2017; 12(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.199041

Rivas CJM, Tarhini M, Badri W, Miladi K, Greige-Gerges H, Nazari QA, Rodríguez SAG, Román RÁ, Fessi H, and Elaissari A. Nanoprecipitation process: From encapsulation to drug delivery. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2017; 532(1):66-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.064

Chidambaram M, and Krishnasamy K. Modifications to the conventional nanoprecipitation technique: an approach to fabricate narrow sized polymeric nanoparticles. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2014; 4(2):205. https://doi.org/10.5681/apb.2014.030

Salatin S, Barar J, Barzegar-Jalali M, Adibkia K, Kiafar F, and Jelvehgari M. Development of a nanoprecipitation method for the entrapment of a very water soluble drug into Eudragit RL nanoparticles, Research in pharmaceutical sciences. 2017; 12(1):1. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.199041

Romina HMTShirazi, Toraj Mohammadi, Maryam Ahmadzadeh Tofighy. 22-Polymer nanocomposite films and coating for drug delivery application. Polymer Nanocomposite Films and Coatings. Elsevier. 2024, 759-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19139-8.00019-X

Srinivasan Ayyanaar, R Bhaskar, Selvaraj Esthar, Manokaran Vadivel, Jegathalaprathaban Rajesh, Gurusamy Rajagopal. Design and development of 5-fluorouracil loaded biodegradable magnetic microspheres as site-specific drug delivery vehicle for cancer therapy. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2022; 546:168853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168853

Martins VFS. Benefits and drawbacks for the clinical use of 5-fluorouracil. 2023. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/64085

Prabhu S, and Poulose EK. Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects, International nano letters. 2012; 2:1-10. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/2228-5326-2-32

Hanna DH, El-Mazaly MH, Mohamed RR. Synthesis of biodegradable antimicrobial pH-sensitive silver nanocomposites reliant on chitosan and carrageenan derivatives for 5-fluorouracil drug delivery toward HCT116 cancer cells, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023; 231:123364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123364

Al-Sarayra LMS, Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Haddad MK, and Qader AA. Gold Nanoparticles Loaded with Chitosan Encapsulate Donepezil as a Novel Nanocomposite for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Materials Research. 2024; 27: e20230365. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2023-0365

Du Y, Ren W, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zeng L, Chi C, et al. The enhanced chemotherapeutic effects of doxorubicin loaded PEG coated TiO 2 nanocarriers in an orthotopic breast tumor bearing mouse model, Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2015; 3(8):1518-1528. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb01781a

Kumari SVG, Manikandan NA, Pakshirajan K, and Pugazhenthi G. Sustained drug release and bactericidal activity of a novel, highly biocompatible and biodegradable polymer nanocomposite loaded with norfloxacin for potential use in antibacterial therapy. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; 59:101900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101900

Salahuddin N, Abdelwahab M, Gaber M, and Elneanaey S. Synthesis and Design of Norfloxacin drug delivery system based on PLA/TiO2 nanocomposites: Antibacterial and antitumor activities. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2020; 108:110337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110337

Lin Q, Liu G, Zhao Z, Wei D, Pang J, and Jiang Y. Design of gefitinib-loaded poly (l-lactic acid) microspheres via a supercritical anti-solvent process for dry powder inhalation. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2017; 532(1):573-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.051

Gautam A, and Pal K. Gefitinib conjugated PEG passivated graphene quantum dots incorporated PLA microspheres for targeted anticancer drug delivery. Heliyon. 2022; 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12512

Papageorgiou DG, Kinloch IA, and Young RJ. Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites. Progress in materials science. 2017; 90:75-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.07.004

Yu X, Cheng H, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Qu L, andShi G. Graphene-based smart materials. Nature Reviews Materials. 2017; 2(9):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.46

Misiak P, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Markiewicz KH, Wielgat P, Kurowska I, Czarnomysy R, et al. Doxorubicin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles containing ketoester-based block and cholesterol moiety as specific vehicles to fight estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Cancer Nanotechnology. 2023; 14(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12645-023-00176-9.

Ghamkhari A, Abbaspour-Ravasjani S, Talebi M, Hamishehkar H, and Hamblin MR. Development of a graphene oxide-poly lactide nanocomposite as a Smart Drug Delivery System. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 169:521-531. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.084

Sadeghi-Ghadi Z, Behjou N, Ebrahimnejad P, Mahkam M, Goli HR, Lam M, et al. Improving antibacterial efficiency of curcumin in magnetic polymeric nanocomposites. Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation. 2023; 18(1):13-28.

Huang Y, Dan N, Dan W, and Zhao W. Reinforcement of polycaprolactone/chitosan with nanoclay and controlled release of curcumin for wound dressing, ACS omega. 2019; 4(27):22292-22301. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02217

Ghosh S, Raju RSK, Ghosh N, Chaudhury K, Ghosh S, Banerjee I, et al. Development and physicochemical characterization of doxorubicin-encapsulated hydroxyapatite–polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite for repair of osteosarcoma-affected bone tissues. Comptes Rendus Chimie. 2019; 22(1):46-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2018.10.005

Ghosh S, Ghosh S, and Pramanik N, Bio-evaluation of doxorubicin (DOX)-incorporated hydroxyapatite (HAp)-chitosan (CS) nanocomposite triggered on osteosarcoma cells. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2020, 3, pp. 303-314 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-020-00154-4

Yu H-Y, Wang C, and Abdalkarim SYH. Cellulose nanocrystals/polyethylene glycol as bifunctional reinforcing/compatibilizing agents in poly (lactic acid) nanofibers for controlling long-term in vitro drug release. Cellulose. 2017; 24(10):4461-4477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1431-6

Karuppuswamy P, Venugopal JR, Navaneethan B, Laiva AL, and Ramakrishna S. Polycaprolactone nanofibers for the controlled release of tetracycline hydrochloride. Materials Letters. 2015; 141:180-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.11.044

Wang Z, Zhao Y, Shen M, Tomás H, Zhou B, and Shi X. Antitumor Efficacy of Doxorubicin-Loaded Electrospun Attapulgite–Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) Composite Nanofibers. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2022; 13(2):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13020055

Tavira M, Mousavi-Khattat M, Shakeran Z, and Zarrabi A. PCL/gelatin nanofibers embedded with doxorubicin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles/silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial and anti-melanoma cancer. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2023; 642:123162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123162

Bulbul YE, Eskitoros-Togay ŞM, Demirtas-Korkmaz F, and Dilsiz N. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-incorporating electrospun composite fibrous mats for controlled drug release profile. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2019; 568:118513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118513

Mosallanezhad P, Nazockdast H, Ahmadi Z, and Rostami A. Fabrication and characterization of polycaprolactone/chitosan nanofibers containing antibacterial agents of curcumin and ZnO nanoparticles for use as wound dressing. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology. 2022; 10:1027351. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1027351