Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex use of mineral resources

Coastal Geomorphological Dynamics and Tsunami Hazard Zones (5–12 m ASL) in Padang City, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Suci Fitria Rahmadhani Z — 2025-04-24

Padang City is one of the capital cities in the western part of the island of Sumatra, with a total coastline length of approximately 68,126 km and directly adjacent to the Indian Ocean. The last time the province of West Sumatra was hit by a tsunami was in 2009 and 2010, which caused tsunamis with heights of <1 metre to >12 metres caused by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9. Experts estimate the potential for earthquake disasters originating from megathrust plate faults along the Mentawai Islands. Early and optimal mitigation efforts can minimise the impact caused by tsunami disasters. This study aims to provide an overview of the influence of shoreline changes on the tsunami distribution zones of 5 and 12 metres above sea level. This research uses the coastline parameters of Padang city from 2005 to 2021, obtained from Google Earth, administration, slope and land cover, which will be processed by utilising the Geographic Information System in ArcGIS software. The method used in the research is Tsunami Inundation by dividing the height of tsunami inundation into three scales, including low, medium and high. Observations were made at 122 observation points spread along 18,520 metres of coastline of the study area. The results show that there are five to six sub-districts in Padang city that are affected by tsunami disasters of 5 and 12 metres above sea level, including the sub-districts of South Padang, East Padang, West Padang, North Padang, Nanggalo, and Koto Tangah. The difference in coastline from 2005 to 2021 shows a change in the area of the tsunami disaster distribution zone of around 78.69 to 91.51 hectares at each water level caused by accretion events that occur along the coastline of the observation area.

Study of rock mass structural features based on laser scanning results

V.F. Yartseva — 2025-04-29

Monitoring of pit slopes benches stability and pit walls plays the important role in the safety of mining operations. Slope stability assessment and risk management are mandatory to ensure safe and efficient operation of pits. Laser scanning technology is one of the base methods of geospatial data collecting for building of man-made objects models. Laser scanning is widely used in mining when performing survey work, measurements, monitoring, and studying structural features on the outcroppings of the rock mass. The article describes the technological chain: the collection of geospatial data, the processing of the obtained data with the construction of a terrain model and the further use of the resulting model to solve practical tasks. The choice of optimal laser scanning parameters should be based on the technological features of a pit, the technical characteristics of used equipment and scanning density required to solve the tasks. The article demonstrates the use of the obtained model for determining the necessary geometric parameters of the structural features of the rock mass to conduct kinematic analysis of potential bench failures at the object of study. Based on the results of kinematic analysis, recommendations were developed for further mining operations and potential bench failures risks reducing. The proposed technology can be used and adapted for laser scanning, followed by the construction of a terrain model at various mineral deposits to solve a wide range of tasks and ensure the safety of open-pit mining. Due to the inclusion of laser scanners in the register of measuring instruments in Kazakhstan, high reliability of measurement accuracy is ensured. The technology allows both to obtain generalized data on the sides of the quarry, as well as detailed scans of individual ledges. A significant advantage is the automatic generation of a point cloud during scanning, which reduces in-house processing.

Study of geochemical characteristics of the Bakyrchik ore zone

A.N. Kopobayeva — 2025-04-30

The article presents a study on the geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits in the Bakyrchik ore area (Bakyrchik, Glubokiy Log, Zagadka, Promezhutochnoe), which is located in the Zharminsk district of the Abay region in Eastern Kazakhstan.The aim of the study is to identify and describe the geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits in the Bakyrchik ore field, and to analyze the distribution and zonation of elements within ore bodies and areas of dispersed mineralization. The results of spectral analysis on 30 rock samples collected from various depths (550–700 meters) in the vertical mineralization profile of the Bakyrchik field. Samples were taken from core material from different wells in different areas of the field, including Bakyrchik, Glubokiy Log, Zagadka, and Promezhutochnoe, as well as from zones of ore bodies and other areas such as zones of fracture, mylonite, calcite, and sulfide mineralization, considering lithological features. Based on the results of geochemical studies conducted, the characteristics and differences in geochemical properties of large and small ore deposits have been identified, and the distribution of chemical elements within zones of dispersed mineralization has been described. The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the revealed patterns of element distribution and geochemical zoning to predict the presence of new ore deposits, interpret chemical anomalies, estimate the level of erosion of mineralization, and optimize exploration and assessment efforts in other areas within the ore field.

Acoustoemission of Graphite and Graphene

K.N. Zhangozin — 2025-05-02

In this paper, we propose a model of the acoustic emission mechanism of natural graphite and graphene. The thickness of the surface layer R(I) of graphite varies from 0.9 nm in the parallel to 2.46 nm in the perpendicular plane and contains three graphene monolayers. Corrugations on the surface of free graphene arise due to high internal stresses, leading to significant deformation energy. An estimate of the deformation energy associated with the reconstruction of the surface of graphite and graphene is proposed. We imagine a graphite nanolayer as a potential well with infinitely high walls, then the energy levels of the nanolayer are determined by one fundamental parameter - the lattice constant of the crystal. The lattice constant a changes in the R(I) layer due to size effects. As soon as the parameter a stops changing, the spectrum of quantum states passes into a continuous spectrum, where the classical Drude–Lorentz laws are fulfilled for graphite. Since the surface layer of graphite is a two-dimensional quantum medium, three quantum planes of graphite with a₁, a₂ and a₃ should be considered. The article considers one-, two- and three-layer graphene. The Fermi surface of graphene degenerates into the Dirac point, and the Fermi energy is zero. For two-layer graphene, the Fermi energy is E_F = 0.9 eV, and for three-layer graphene - E_F = 1.2 eV. Namely, all three quantum levels participate in the acoustic emission of graphite and graphene. In the article, it can be considered proven that in natural graphite (as well as in all solids), acoustic emission occurs due to the reconstruction of its surface, leading to the emergence of a surface layer R(I) and deformation energy E_d. The article proposes a thermoacoustics model that contains only experimentally determined parameters, and their accuracy is quite acceptable.

Methods for purifying table salt from the Suzak deposit

A.A. Anarbayev — 2025-04-07

One of the pressing issues today is common salt purification from harmful impurities and production of salt for medical and household purposes. To obtain high-purity sodium chloride salt, it is necessary to develop more effective methods for purifying salt from impurities. The article discusses modern methods for purifying Suzak deposit common salt from harmful impurities. The main goal of the scientific work is to study the methods of purifying sodium chloride from impurities. The common salt raw material composition was studied. The content of impurities of Са²⁺, Мg²⁺ and SO4²^- ions and heavy metals Pb (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), As (V) was determined. The solubility in the systems NаСl-Nа₂SO₄-Нᡃ₂O, NaCl-CaCl₂-H₂O and NаСl-MgCl₂-H₂O at a temperature of 100-110°C was studied. The effect of temperature and time on the common salt purification degree using active reagents was studied. It was found that the highest common salt purification degree from Са²⁺, Мg²⁺and SO4²^- at 30 minutes and 90°C, respectively, is 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.93%. It was found that the use of a three-component mixture of Mg(OН)₂:СаCО₃:CaSO₄ in a ratio of 1:4-5:6-7 for 20 minutes during purification allows purifying the NaCl solution from trace impurities of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), As(V) by 92.0-97.7% and obtaining 99.4% NaCI. To obtain high-purity salt, effective purification methods of salt from impurities are recommended, allowing to achieve a purification level of up to 99%.

Epoxy Resin Development for Anticorrosion Coatings

El-Sayed Negim — 2025-04-09

In this study, a high molecular weight epoxy resin (ELM-NG 900Z) based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A was cured with different types of hardeners to examine their impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the epoxy resin. The hardeners used were G-5022X70 (140-170 mg KOH/g), G-A0533 (310-350 mg KOH/g), and G-0930 (280-320 mg KOH/g). The results indicated that the hardener G-A0533 provided the best mechanical properties for the epoxy resin compared to other hardeners. Furthermore, various additives including silica fume, talc, barium sulfate, ferric oxide, and pigments were mixed with the epoxy resin in the presence of the hardener G-A0533 to enhance its mechanical properties. It was observed that the addition of 3% silica fume, 10% ferric oxide, and 3% inorganic pigments improved the mechanical properties, while the addition of 5% talc decreased most mechanical properties and only increased hardness. The incorporation of barium sulfate into the epoxy resin enhanced adhesion and flexural strength but decreased tensile strength and hardness. The inclusion of organic pigment had no significant effect on the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin. This enhancement in mechanical properties is attributed to the type of hardener used as well as the types and amounts of additives mixed with the epoxy resin.

Study of Steam Condensation on Vertical Finned Tubes

J.B. Toshov — 2025-04-10

The article is devoted to the methodology of conducting and processing the results of an experimental study of the process of condensation of water vapour on vertical pipes with specially profiled fins of a heat exchanger. Based on the analysis of heat transfer during laminar condensation of water vapour in the form of a layer of flowing liquid both inside and on the outer surface of vertical pipes with a stationary steam flow, a laboratory installation was developed on which experimental studies were carried out. One of the ways to intensify heat transfer is to optimize the geometry of the heat exchange surface on the condensation side, which reduces the thermal resistance of the wall layers of the resulting condensate. This method is based on increasing the heat exchange area by using specially shaped fins on the surface of the heat exchanger tubes. As a result, an important scientific problem is being solved – disruption of the continuous flow of laminar condensate, which contributes to the direct contact of steam with the cooled surface of the pipe and increases heat transfer. The article describes the methodology of conducting experiments, describes the methods of processing the results obtained, as well as provides calculated data and graphical dependencies illustrating the experimental results.

Development of Hybrid Coatings for Anti-Corrosion Applications in Oil and Gas sector

D. Ainakulova — 2025-04-11

The physical, and mechanical properties as well as chemical and corrosion resistance of hybrid coatings comprising polyurethane/acrylic hybrids (PUA/AC) and acrylic polymers (AK) were investigated. Polyurethane (PUA) was synthesized through polyaddition polymerization of isocyanates [Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)] with polyols (GP 2000 and GP 4000) at an NCO/OH ratio of 0.85 and a temperature of 100°C. The acrylic copolymer (AC), based on methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BuMA), was produced via bulk polymerization with benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst. The acrylic copolymer (AK) was prepared by grafting xanthan gum with styrene in various ratios (XG: St = 1:1.6, 1:5, and 1:8 w/w%). The results revealed that hybrid coatings demonstrated optimal chemical and corrosion resistance when PUA/AC hybrids were combined with AK. Enhancing both mechanical properties and corrosion resistance was achieved by integrating PUA/AC-10 with AK containing 8% styrene, resulting in superior anticorrosion performance including chemical and solvent resistances for the hybrid coating.

Utilization of Natural Silicate Rocks to Reduce the Carbon Footprint in the Cement Industry

M.I. Iskandarova — 2025-04-17

Portland cement production is associated with high energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, highlighting the need for alternative raw materials to improve environmental sustainability. Research findings indicate that porphyrite, a natural silicate rock, exhibits pozzolanic and hydraulic activity, making it a promising additive in composite cement production. In this study, the physicochemical properties and hydration processes of porphyrite-modified Portland cement were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The compressive strength and setting time of cement samples were tested according to GOST 30744-2001 and GOST 310-91 standards. The results showed that porphyrite addition slightly slowed the hydration process, reducing C₃S content while promoting the formation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). Cement containing 20% porphyrite met the 32.5N strength class requirements and demonstrated stable mechanical properties. Water absorption tests confirmed a gradual hydration process, with no sudden crystallohydrate formation observed. This study confirms that porphyrite is an effective mineral additive, contributing to cement durability, reduced clinker consumption, and lower energy demand. Future research should focus on the long-term stability of porphyrite-based cement using advanced thermal analysis techniques.

Effect of Rice Straw on the Mechanical and Biodegradability Properties of the Poly (Polyethylene-G-Acrylic Acid)

G. Yeligbayeva — 2025-04-21

A polyethylene/acrylic copolymer was synthesized using a grafting technique with benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst and xylene as a solvent. Acrylic acid (AA) was grafted onto polyethylene (PE) in a 1:5 ratio. The resulting grafted copolymer, characterized by FTIR, was blended with rice straw at varying percentages of 3%, 5%, and 7% to produce biodegradable films. The properties of these films in water were evaluated through analyses of viscosity, tensile strength, elongation at break, water contact angle, and solubility. Incorporating rice straw enhanced the grafted copolymer's biodegradability, resulting in increased viscosity, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the films, while reducing the water contact angle and solubility. However, incorporating 7% rice straw in the grafted copolymer-based on PE (1.0%) and AA (5.0%) resulted in increases in viscosity, tensile strength, and elongation at break by 29.5%, 46.1%, and 9.6%, respectively, while reducing the contact angle and biodegradability solubility time at 45°C by 25.8%.

Study of Copper Leaching Technology from Copper Ores by Biochemical Method

B. Kenzhaliyev — 2025-05-08

The article presents the research results on the processing of dump ores of copper production from one of the deposits of Kazakhstan. The copper content in various rock formation samples and from different sampling points varies from 0.2 to 0.9%. On average, the calculated copper content on the southern side of the dump was 0.3%, and on the northern side, 0.28%. Phase analysis of the dump samples revealed that the bulk of the rock is represented by quartz, albite, muscovite, clinochlorite, and noticeable amounts of malachite and atacamite were noted from copper dumps in many areas. Detailed mineralogical analysis, in addition to oxidized forms of minerals, also recorded fragments of sulfide mineral formations such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcosine, etc. For this type of deposit, the most effective method of processing will be the use of biohydrometallurgical heap leaching technology. According to percolation leaching, the use of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TСCА) as a chemical oxidant was considered, and an adapted culture of A.Ferrooxidans was also used as a biooxidant. According to percolation leaching, the use of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TСCА) as a chemical oxidant was considered, and an adapted culture of A.Ferrooxidans was also used as a biooxidant. Standard sulfuric acid leaching served as a control option. As a result of the application of the chemical oxidation method using TСCА, an increase in copper extraction into solution compared with other options was observed only during the first 7 cycles. The highest efficiency was observed in the variant of preliminary bacterial oxidation, 76.08% copper was extracted into the productive solution over 28 irrigation cycles. The resulting productive solutions of all variants were subjected to a full technological cycle of hydrometallurgical copper production. As a result of the extraction and re-extraction processes, electrolyte solutions were developed that fully correspond to the qualitative parameters necessary for electrolysis. At the electrolysis stage, 30.8 g of copper was deposited on the cathode from the accumulated electrolyte solutions, which gives a current recovery equal to 94.6%.

Research into the possibility of air separation of cake at the Pavlodar aluminum smelter

G.K. Abikenova — 2025-05-14

Air separation can play a key role in the sintering process of the charge material in the alumina production at the Pavlodar Aluminum Plant. During sintering, sinter dust is formed, which must be effectively separated from the bulk material, since its fine fraction is a source of formation of a solid phase carried away with the solution, which increases the number of secondary losses of valuable components. The use of air separation will solve this problem, providing a high degree of separation of the sinter product into coarse and fine fractions, thereby intensifying the further process of hydrochemical processing of the sinter from the sintering furnaces. The main goal of these studies was to reduce the loss of valuable components from the sinter, namely aluminum oxides and alkali, which are carried away with the solid phase of the tubular apparatus effluent. This paper considers the preliminary classification of sinter dust in air separators and its separate leaching. Extensive (pilot) laboratory tests determined the separation boundary of sinter classes (– 0.25 mm), which allows increasing alumina extraction by ~ 2% and suggests a reduction in the number of operating furnace lines by 0.26 units by reducing ballast flows, and the optimal indicator of air separation efficiency was determined to be ~ up to 97%. The results demonstrate the importance of air separation in ensuring the quality of the sinter product and improving the efficiency of alumina production technology as a whole.